Dwindling caribou herds worry environmentalists

ON THE PORCUPINE RIVER TUNDRA, Yukon Territory -- Here on the endlessly rolling and clumpy terrain of northwest Canada, where man has hunted caribou since the Stone Age, the vast antlered herds are fast growing thin.

And it's not just here. Across the tundra 1,000 miles to the east, Canada's Beverly herd, numbering more than 200,000 a decade ago, can barely be found today. Halfway around the world in Siberia, the biggest aggregation of these migratory animals has shrunk by hundreds of thousands in a few short years.

The decline of the caribou, called reindeer in the Eurasian Arctic, has biologists searching for clues -- and finding them. They believe the impact of climate change, its tipping of natural balances and disruption of feeding habits, is decimating a species that has long numbered in the millions.

Many herds have lost more than half their number from the maximums of recent decades, a global survey finds. They "hover on the precipice of a major decline," it says.

The native Gwich'in of the Yukon and Alaska were among the first to sense trouble, in the late 1990s, as their Porcupine herd dwindled. From 178,000 in 1989, the herd -- named for the river crossing its range -- is now estimated to number 100,000.

"They used to come through by the hundreds," said James Firth, 56, of the Gwich'in Renewable Resources Board.

Off toward distant horizons on a summer afternoon, only small groups of a dozen or fewer migrating caribou could be seen grazing.

"I've never seen it like this before," Firth said of the sparse numbers. More than 50 identifiable caribou herds migrate over huge wilderness tracts in a wide band circling the top of the world. They head north in the spring to ancient calving grounds, then back south through summer and fall to winter ranges closer to northern forests.

The global survey by researchers at the University of Alberta, published in June in the peer-reviewed journal Global Change Biology, has deepened concerns about the caribou's future.

Drawing on scores of other studies, government databases, wildlife-management boards and other sources, the biologists found that 34 of 43 herds being monitored worldwide are in decline. The average falloff in numbers was 57 percent from earlier maximums, they said.

Siberia's Taimyr herd has declined from 1 million in 2000 to an estimated 750,000, as reported in the 2008 "Arctic Report Card" of the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

The Taimyr is the world's largest herd, but Canada and Alaska have more caribou, and the Alberta study reported that 22 of 34 North American herds are shrinking. Data were insufficient to make a judgment on seven others.

Liv Solveig Vors, the June report's lead author, summarized what is believed behind the caribou crash: "Climate change is changing the way they're interacting with their food, directly and indirectly." Global warming has boosted temperatures in the Arctic twice as much as elsewhere, and Canadian researchers say the natural balance is suffering:

• Unusual freezing rains in autumn are locking lichen, the caribou's winter forage, under impenetrable ice sheets.

• Mosquitoes, flies and insect parasites have always tormented and weakened caribou, but warmer temperatures have aggravated this summertime problem, driving the animals on crazed, debilitating runs to escape, and keeping them from foraging and fattening up for winter.

• The springtime Arctic "green-up" is occurring two weeks or more earlier. The great caribou migrations evolved over ages to catch the shrubs on the calving grounds at their freshest and most nutritious. But pregnant, migrating cows may now be arriving too late.

Vors said caribou are unlikely to adjust.

"Evolutionary changes tend to take place over longer time scales than the time scale of climate change at the moment," she said.

Caribou herds have gone through boom-and-bust cycles historically but were never known to decline so uniformly worldwide.

Leading Canadian specialist Don Russell, coordinator of a new global network formed to more closely monitor what is happening to the herds, said experts are focusing on "what has changed between this decline and previous declines."

In Northwest Territories, the territorial government on Sept. 24 reported results of its aerial survey of the Bathurst herd: Its population has dropped to about 32,000, from 128,000 in 2006.

"The numbers are not getting better. There's no good news, no indication of recovery," J. Michael Miltenberger, the environment and natural-resources minister, said from Yellowknife, the capital.

"We've been flying north to south, east to west," Miltenberger said. "By our count, with the Beverly herd, they've all but disappeared."